The Horizon Europe project VANGUARD (adVANced technoloGical solutions coupled with societal-oriented Understanding and AwaReness for Disrupting trafficking in human beings) concluded on 19 October with a final conference. The Euro-Arab Foundation, a member of the project consortium, was represented by its researcher Karen Latricia Hough, who has worked on VANGUARD throughout its three years.
The event took place at the Center for Security Studies (KEMEA) in Athens Greece with key experts and professionals in the field of human trafficking for a high-level conference and roundtable discussion. It provided a platform for knowledge exchange, interdisciplinary dialogue, and collaboration among experts committed to strengthening the understanding of human trafficking and identifying approaches to address this complex and multifaceted phenomenon.
A key highlight of the conference was the expert panel, ‘Human trafficking through asocial scientific lens: from understanding to action’ moderated by KarenHough from the Euro-Arab Foundation. The discussion explored the importance of applying social scientific perspectives to the study of human trafficking, highlighting the value of research, evidence-based approaches, and collaboration in informing effective responses.
The roundtable that followed brought together expertise from across the field, encouraging participants to reflect on the challenges associated with human trafficking and the importance of translating knowledge and research into practical action. Through open discussion and the exchange of professional insights, participants contributed to a broader dialogue on how multidisciplinary cooperation can support efforts to prevent and address human trafficking.
The final conference marked an important milestone for the VANGUARD project, providing an opportunity to share knowledge, consolidate discussions, and reinforce the importance of cooperation among researchers, practitioners, survivors, policy makers, LEAs, technological experts and other stakeholders working to combat human trafficking.
The Euro-Arab Foundation, coordinator of the VicTory project, took part in the final conference held on 22 October at the Faculty of Law of the University of Porto (FDUP) in Portugal, which marks the close of this European initiative. Over two years, VicTory has worked to change the way hate and extremism are addressed, placing at the centre those affected, whether directly or indirectly, and promoting a restorative, victim-centred approach.
The Foundation was represented by Daniel F. Pérez Garcia, research and projects coordinator, and Rascha Albaba Acosta, projects and research manager, both members of the VicTory team. Pérez took part in the consortium’s welcome and in the closing session, while Albaba presented Session I, dedicated to the victim-centred approach to hate and extremism: the project’s methodology, what was found and the experiences gathered. The session included a discussion panel with representatives of the European Forum for Restorative Justice, V Europe and Victim Support Europe.
The event brought together consortium partners, experts and professionals from across Europe, and opened with a keynote speech by Carolina Gómez of the Spanish Ministry of the Interior on the importance of European and international cooperation in supporting victims of terrorism. Throughout the day, the project’s main results were presented, including the training approach and its trained and certified participants in Italy, Finland, Hungary, Portugal and Spain, and the role of restorative justice as a response to hate and extremism was discussed.
The following day, Friday 23 October, the consortium held its final meeting, which addressed the project’s main results and the strategies for transferring and sustaining the training and awareness-raising programmes.
Main results
The VicTory research, which involved 196 professionals, found that only 3.2% consider the current legal provisions on victims’ rights to be highly effective. Professionals and victims agree on the need for more specialised training, better coordination between institutions, and clear and accessible information. Restorative justice is a priority need for 42.9% of victims, yet it is one of the forms of support least often offered.
In response, VicTory has produced a handbook of good practices and a training approach comprising two online courses, available in five languages, and three in-person events in Brescia, Budapest and Helsinki. Trained and certified participants in Italy, Finland, Hungary, Portugal and Spain raised their scores from 72% to 83%, and 96% of those who attended the in-person events believe that what they learnt will improve their work. The courses will remain open and free of charge after the project ends.
In the discussion on restorative justice, 87.3% of the professionals consulted supported it as a complement to formal justice, always with safeguards and specific training.
VicTory’s legacy in Spain, with the Euro-Arab Foundation
VicTory has been carried out by a consortium made up of the Euro-Arab Foundation, IPS (Innovative Prison Systems), the Faculty of Law of the University of Porto, the Ararteko (Ombudsman of the Basque Country), Associazione Carcere e Territorio, ILGA Portugal, MAP Finland and the Hungarian Helsinki Committee, and has been co-funded by the European Union.
In this context, the Euro-Arab Foundation has disseminated the VicTory Inclusive Digital Repository, which centralises knowledge on the support of victims of hate crime and extremism. In addition, on Tuesday 19 May 2026, the Historical Archive of the Basque Country, home to the Gogora Memorial Centre in Bilbao, hosted the event “Victim-centred justice and its contribution to coexistence in the Basque Country: experiences from the VicTory Project”. Furthermore, on Tuesday 4 March 2025, the seminar “Women and Restorative Justice: reparation from a gender perspective” was held in Granada, organised by the Euro-Arab Foundation in collaboration with the Ararteko, the Ombudsman of the Basque Country.
The Euro-Arab Foundation took part in the XXVIII FIMAM Meeting (Forum of Researchers on the Arab and Muslim World), held on 21, 22 and 23 October at Casa Árabe in Córdoba, with the support of the Foundation itself, together with Casa Árabe, IEMed, AECID, CEARC and Casa Mediterráneo.
The Foundation was represented by its Deputy Director of Projects, José María González Riera, who took part in the opening session and also presented the paper “The IER between Truth and Silences: Achievements and Limits of Transitional Justice in Morocco”. His contribution was part of the panel Transitional Justice, Memory and Reparation, held on Wednesday 21, which addressed reparation and the memory of human rights violations in different contexts of the Arab world.
Every year, FIMAM brings together researchers from different disciplines and countries to share research findings and discuss the Arab and Muslim world. This edition included dozens of panels on topics such as migration and diasporas, gender, foreign policy and regional dynamics, and political economy and the media.
On 7 October, José María González Riera, Deputy Director of the Research and Projects Department at the Euro-Arab Foundation, presented the main findings of the study on attacks against places of worship carried out within the VIRTUOUS project. Two comprehensive quantitative and qualitative analyses identified the patterns observed between 1980 and 2025, current trends and potential future risks. The results, coordinated and supervised by the Euro-Arab Foundation, were presented at the official opening of the VIRTUOUS conference in Budapest, in the presence of senior representatives of the Hungarian government, members of the Hungarian academic community and representatives of the United Nations.
The Euro-Arab Foundation shared the most relevant and recurrent findings of the research conducted by the VIRTUOUS consortium, which brings together 21 organisations from 11 countries. The analyses supervised by González Riera for Christian, Jewish and Muslim communities provided the basis for applying the Building Information Modelling (BIM) system to the protection of places of worship. This approach relies on a collaborative methodology that preserves the spatial openness of these sites and respects their primary functions, while integrating up-to-date security measures into the building.
“Although case study analyses have been carried out for each religious community, the commonalities detected are cross-cutting, and the adaptation is made according to the characteristics and resources of each place of worship.” José María González Riera, The Euro-Arab Foundation
Ignacio Ibáñez, Head of the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism in Spain, endorsed the assessment presented by the Foundation. He underlined the importance of sustained cooperation among public authorities, institutions, security forces and religious communities to ensure effective prevention of risk situations. Ibáñez also highlighted the role of cybersecurity, noting that data breaches affecting worshippers can expose their identities and make them potential targets of attacks.
“Maintaining a relationship with communities is not only about communicating when there is a risk situation, but also about asking communities what they need and informing them of how they can be helped.” Ignacio Ibáñez, United Nations
Public innovation laboratories
During the Budapest conference, the Euro-Arab Foundation facilitated the second session of the public innovation laboratory with Muslim communities. The first part examined potential threats to places of worship in greater depth, while the second focused on lessons learned and on strategies for preparing for crisis and emergency situations.
Representatives of the United Nations and the Hungarian government took part in the session and put forward possible avenues for institutional support to these communities. In the joint session with Christian, Jewish and Muslim communities, the contributions of religious leaders were compared and discussed. They were followed by the perspective of law enforcement, with participation from the Budapest Police and the Cyprus Police, as well as experts in technological security measures.
Debate and Future lines of research
Experts and law enforcement representatives raised key questions, including where to draw the line between prevention and racial profiling when reporting suspects, and how to measure the effectiveness of prevention when its success is defined by the absence of attacks. These questions open new lines of research for the project.
In the final panel discussion, the Euro-Arab Foundation and the other consortium partners responsible for the public innovation laboratories with Christian and Jewish communities shared the new questions that emerged during the sessions, with a view to examining them further. According to González Riera, the main issues included the tendency of some Muslim communities to keep a low profile in order not to stand out from their surroundings and thereby avoid becoming a target, the type of buildings, which makes them harder to protect, and the lack of institutional recognition of certain sites as places of worship in some European countries.
The closing session concluded that dialogue is one of the founding values of the European Union, and that security is not an exact science: it has psychological dimensions and is a complex matter shaped by many factors. In this context, establishing institutional processes that address specific situations and are sustained over time is essential.
The Euro-Arab Foundation held this Friday the in-person phase of the second group of its Training Course on the Prevention of Radicalisation. The course is aimed at professionals of the Granada City Council who work with children and young people, as well as with groups vulnerable to the risk factors of radicalisation and violent extremism.
The initiative responds to growing processes of social polarisation and the rise of violent extremist groups of various kinds. In this context, the radicalisation of children and young people, whether around political ideologies, religious beliefs or other issues, is an increasingly worrying phenomenon. Although there is no single profile of radicalisation, childhood and adolescence are stages of particular vulnerability to recruitment or indoctrination. For that very reason, they are also the ideal time to build barriers that protect against these risks, and frontline professionals play a decisive role in this.
The course, developed from the ARMOUR project and based on empirical research and prevention practice, gives participants useful tools to incorporate prevention into their everyday work. The project has studied and developed seven sets of skills and competences capable of generating and consolidating protective factors and resilience. To work on them, workshops known as experiential labs have been designed, tested and validated, which professionals will be able to run with children and young people once they have completed the training.
A two-phase training programme
The 30-hour training is blended, with an in-person phase covering three blocks: radicalisation and violent extremism (concepts, risk and protective factors, explanatory models); the prevention of radicalisation (plans and strategies, multilevel and multi-agency approach, resilience-building programmes); and the identification of radicalisation processes (characteristics of radicalisation among minors, indicators and warning signs, with practical work on case studies).
This is followed by a second, online phase on the Euro-Arab Foundation’s virtual classroom, focused on intervention models with minors, psychosocial preventive approaches, the development of individual, psychosocial and institutional competences, resilience-building methodologies, and the design of workshops for working with children and young people.
A teaching team with experience in preventing radicalisation
The training was delivered by Javier Ruipérez Canales, Director of the Projects and Research Department at the Euro-Arab Foundation, where he is also Principal Investigator in the area of Prevention of Radicalisation and Violent Extremism. He is also Director of Strategic Communication of the European Commission’s EU Knowledge Hub on Prevention of Radicalisation.
He was joined by Daniel F. Pérez García, researcher and project coordinator at the Foundation. His work focuses on research and on coordinating teams of EU-funded projects in the field of preventing radicalisation and violent extremism. He is also a researcher and strategic communication expert at the EU Knowledge Hub on Prevention of Radicalisation.
The team is completed by Eva Jiménez González, PhD in Psychology and forensic psychologist, with extensive international experience in the field of radicalisation and terrorism. She is a European Union Team Leader and Senior Key Expert on Radicalisation and Terrorism for the European Commission, the Council of Europe and the United Nations.
On 23 September, the final event of DATA EQUALITY took place in Athens. It brought together the project consortium, of which the Euro-Arab Foundation has been a member, along with representatives of the judiciary, law enforcement, public administrations, academia and civil society. They met to discuss how data-driven and artificial intelligence tools can be used while protecting fundamental rights and equality. The Foundation was represented by researcher Paula Cano.
The event opened with institutional greetings from Beatrice Sperotto, representing the Court of Appeal of Venice, and continued with a session on data equality, fundamental rights and European challenges. The discussions addressed fair trial and equality of arms in data-based proceedings, procedural risks in data collection and analysis (including the Europol case), and data fragmentation as a possible source of discrimination in the context of the EU Framework Decisions on judicial cooperation. The second session presented the project’s main results, including lessons learned from the cascade training activities and an Implicit Association Test (IAT) exercise led by KMOP and Headway, focused on identifying and addressing bias.
The third session focused on practical applications, with contributions from specialists on the legal management of AI-based tools in investigations. It also presented the EU-funded project EXIS, “Empowering police officers to combat discrimination and respond effectively to crimes against LGBTIQ+ people”, which illustrates complementary approaches to tackling discrimination in policing.
The final session was devoted to the future of judicial cooperation in the era of big data and electronic evidence (e-evidence). Experts discussed how to identify and correct algorithmic errors in judicial contexts, including the role of large and small language models. The event closed with a Q&A and concluding remarks on how the project’s results and tools can contribute to future actions in favour of data equality and non-discrimination.
DATA EQUALITY (Digital Data to Identify, Prevent and Combat Intersectional Discrimination in AI-Based “Phygital” Environments) is a project funded by the European Commission under the Citizens, Equality, Rights and Values (CERV) Programme. It began in September 2024, and its aim has been to analyse how data and AI-based tools can both reveal and reproduce discrimination, while supporting professionals in identifying and addressing these risks.
The Euro-Arab Foundation was responsible for assessing, at European level and in the four consortium countries, current methodologies for collecting, managing, analysing and sharing data on discrimination, as well as mechanisms to avoid bias in AI and OSINT tools. To do so, it conducted multiple semi-structured online interviews with law enforcement and civil society professionals, half of them from southern Europe.
As hate speech and digital manipulation enter the mainstream, traditional regulations are no longer enough. Discover why education, media literacy, and frontline civil society strategies have become our most powerful tools to build long-term digital resilience.
The rise of political polarisation and algorithmic amplification has normalised discriminatory narratives both online and offline, shaping contemporary public debate and social interactions. This article explores how international and European institutions and networks are pivoting toward educational frameworks—such as prebunking and critical thinking—to empower citizens and frontline practitioners against the toxic effects of online hate and disinformation.
Hate speech is increasingly moving into the mainstream and becoming a growing challenge across many contemporary societies [1]. While social media platforms play a central role in amplifying these narratives, broader phenomena such as political polarisation, the radicalisation of public discourse, and the rise of populist movements have also contributed to their normalisation [2]. Consequently, addressing hate speech requires approaches that go beyond legal regulation and content moderation. International organisations, European institutions, and civil society actors have increasingly recognised that legal and punitive measures alone are insufficient to address a phenomenon deeply rooted in cultural attitudes, emotional dynamics, and social and digital communication practices. In this context, education has progressively emerged as fundamental to raising awareness, challenging prejudices, and fostering resilience against discrimination and hate speech [3]. Rather than focusing exclusively on sanctioning behaviours, educational strategies seek to strengthen media literacy, critical thinking, empathy, and democratic participation in digital environments.
Why Education Matters
Many European bodies, such as the Council of Europe, which has developed key educational manuals on the topic, including Bookmarks: A Manual for Combating Hate Speech Online through Human Rights Education [4], increasingly highlight education as a long-term strategy that depends heavily on the training of professionals who work directly with vulnerable communities and digital issues, such as NGOs, law enforcement agencies, civil society organisations, and others. These actors play a key role in identifying discriminatory narratives linked to hate speech and disinformation and in building resilience against them, especially among users who do not always possess sufficient critical tools to assess online information.
Biases and Challenges in Educational Approaches
Despite its growing importance, education is not free from tensions and limitations. Educational programmes may struggle to distinguish between harmful discriminatory speech and controversial opinions that still form part of legitimate public debate. Perceptions of ideological bias also create challenges for educators and professionals, who must encourage critical reflection without contributing to polarisation or censorship. The rapid evolution of digital communication continuously challenges educational responses. Online hate speech increasingly appears through coded language, humour, memes, and algorithmically amplified narratives that evolve faster than traditional educational models.
Approaches to Educating About Hate Speech and Disinformation
Among existing efforts to introduce hate speech and disinformation training, the majority of the ones reviewed focus on schools and teachers, law enforcement officers and civil society organizations. Moreover, some content and pedagogical strategies appear to overlap across programmes targeting different end-users, suggesting that certain materials originally designed for schools could potentially be adapted for other audiences. When analysing the European arena, in terms of international standards, UNESCO plays a pivotal role in providing international guidelines on how to address hate speech through education.
Although primarily aimed at policymakers, they highlight the importance of addressing inequities, enhancing social and emotional skills, promoting inclusive attitudes, promoting media and information literacy skills and digital citizenship and improving skills in critical thinking [5]. The European Commission also has some toolkits and guidelines, specifically designed for educators. These resources offer definitions about hate speech and different forms of discrimination, as well as teaching about their root causes and suggesting activities to internalise these concepts and explore ways to counter them. They mainly focus on media literacy and analysis and social and emotional learning [6]. Moreover, different initiatives have been developed to introduce hate speech training in national training programmes: these are mainly guidelines for policy makers that call for the inclusion of clear definitions for law enforcement officers and the development of interdisciplinary training [7]. Fact-checking organisations and networks that work on a European scale play a crucial role in this educational discourse. Indeed, these organisations whose goal is to check the veracity of information also offer and coordinate training so people can see for themselves and learn how manipulation works.
The European Digital Media Observatory (EDMO) — a network which coordinates fact-checking organisations — offers a range of courses and guidelines for civil society end-users, as well as journalists, educators and policy makers. They approach educational training in different ways, by leveraging several resources, the main ones prebunking, debunking (fact-checking), media literacy training, and information reframing. Pagella Politica and Facta—two fact-checking organisations based in Italy—focus on courses that aim to educate citizens, while they also collaborate in school education. Their overarching approach is centred on grassroot efforts, where they focus on building public resistance to disinformation and hate speech, educating people on media literacy, proper fact-checking, dissemination of correct information, and building counter-narratives [8]. Similarly, Maldita in Spain not only offers courses to educate the general public, but has also developed toolkits and guidelines to train fellow fact-checking organisations and CSOs [9]. Fact-checking organisations, like the ones mentioned, also partner up with other entities — such as universities, civil society, private initiatives and public institutions—to jointly contribute to bigger projects, which focus on developing novel strategies for countering hate speech and disinformation while not losing sight of the educational component. They offer modules or include an “educational toolkit” specifically designed for teachers, educators working in NGOs, and CSOs.
Some of these toolkits include precise and agreed-upon definitions, media literacy training, how-to’s on fact-checking and “lateral reading”, training on how to respond to hate speech, as well as proposed activities to internalise the knowledge offered. A good example of this is Hatedemics [10], supported by the EU and with direct participation of European fact-checking and civil society organisations. Generally, all these initiatives seek to strengthen the role of civil society as a key contributor to preventing hate speech and to provide tools for the general public, particularly young people, to understand how disinformation operates and the impact of harmful narratives in society. The main topics taught are prebunking, media literacy, emotional education, fact-checking and counter-narratives creation. Prebunking, because it builds resistance for later disinformation, and counter-narratives, as they offer a direct contrast to that disinformation, have been mentioned to be particularly effective [11], and as a preventive method, are slightly more common. All in all, digital resilience and human rights education remain essential to face the poisoning effect that hate speech has on societies. While civil society organisations and frontline practitioners must continue to be supported in this regard, political figures must also contribute to not normalising hate with discourse that fuels violence and intolerance, so as to not undermine all these vital efforts.
Note: This article is based on ECLIPSE Deliverable D2.1 “Definition and Methodologies”.
On September 17, the Euro-Arab Foundation hosted the round table of the XIII Conrada Muñoz Memorial, organised by the ACAIP-UGT union (Association of the Corps of the Administration of Penitentiary Institutions) and the ATHENA Foundation.
Under the title “Victims of Terrorism in Europe: Current Situation and Future Prospects,” the event brought together figures from the forensic, judicial, associative, and academic fields, alongside the head of the UN Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT) in Madrid. The Euro-Arab Foundation was represented by Javier Ruipérez, director of the Research and Projects Department.
During the session, various speakers addressed terrorism and its victims from multiple angles: Alberto Téllez (ACAIP/ATHENA Foundation) called for recognition of prison staff within the shared narrative of victims and for passing this memory on to new generations; Marzia Arzon (V-Europe) warned of new threats such as digital radicalization and the use of artificial intelligence in terrorist recruitment; Dr. Eva M. Jiménez González (Institute of Forensic Psychology) presented the long-term psychosocial aftermath and the need for care models that respect the heterogeneity of each traumatic process; Ana Rodríguez and Eduardo Mateo both highlighted the aging of historical victims, equity in their care, and the essential role of education in delegitimizing terrorist violence; Maite Araluce (AVT) championed truth, memory, dignity, and justice against attempts at whitewashing; and Mireya Toribio (University of Deusto) analyzed the legal framework following the dissolution of ETA and the rise of jihadism, the limits of freedom of expression, and the protection of victims from public humiliation.
The Conrada Muñoz Memorial has been organised since 2011 by the ACAIP union and the Athena Foundation in tribute to Conrada Muñoz Herrera, murdered by ETA in 1989 with a parcel bomb. The explosive was addressed to her son, Dionisio Bolívar Muñoz, a prison officer; Conrada opened it and died from her injuries, with another of her sons and a niece also wounded.
On Friday, 11 September, the Euro-Arab Foundation welcomed to its headquarters an Uzbek delegation led by Muzaffar Kamilov, Adviser to the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Religious and Educational Affairs and Rector of the International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan. He was accompanied by the Ambassador of Uzbekistan to Spain, as well as the Deputy Chairman of the State Security Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Chairman of the Committee on Religious Affairs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Project Manager of the EU–UN Global Terrorism Threats Facility of the United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT), and the Officer-in-Charge of the Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism Section of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre (UNCCT).
The visit to the Euro-Arab Foundation is one of three study visits scheduled by the delegation in Europe, following earlier visits to Sweden and Belgium, and was carried out as part of UNOCT’s ongoing support to the International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan in developing the institutional concept and operating model for a specialised Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (PCVE) Centre within the Academy. The Euro-Arab Foundation operates as an academic and intercultural research platform, making its experience particularly relevant for exploring how research is translated into practical prevention, education, strategic communications and community engagement, with a view to identifying approaches that may be relevant and adaptable to the context of Uzbekistan.
During the visit, the delegation met with the Executive Secretary of the Euro-Arab Foundation, Antonio Sánchez, who showed them the facilities and explained the work of the institution; with Isabel Pérez, Communications Director of the Euro-Arab Foundation, who detailed the Foundation’s active participation in the European Commission’s EU Knowledge Hub project, where they lead the Communications and Strategic Communications portfolios; and with José María González, Deputy Director of Projects at the Foundation, who elaborated on the institution’s areas of research specialisation. The meeting also included José Luis Salido, Project Coordinator, and Rascha Albaba, Researcher, both involved in projects on the protection of places of worship and combating hate speech.
The exchange covered eight thematic areas: the Foundation’s academic and applied institutional model, its positioning and comparative advantage between academia, policy and practice; the priorities, methods and quality of research on radicalization and violent extremism; the translation of findings into policies, programmes and prevention tools; strategic communications and the design of evidence-based prevention narratives; education and training for students, educators and practitioners; intercultural and interreligious dialogue and the strengthening of community resilience; the integration of human rights, gender equality and ethical safeguards; and, finally, partnerships, international cooperation and the institutional and financial sustainability of research and prevention work, with a view to possible future exchange between the Foundation and the Academy.
The Euro-Arab Foundation for Higher Studies took part in the XVIII Congress of the Spanish Association of Political Science and Administration (AECPA), held on September 9 and 10, 2026, through the participation of three members of its team, who each presented papers within different Working Groups of the congress.
José María González Riera, Deputy Director of Research and Projects at the Euro-Arab Foundation, presented the paper “Judicial Reform in Morocco: Constitutionalization of the IER’s Recommendations and Legislative Development” on Wednesday, September 9. The paper analyses the constitutional reform mandate set out in Morocco’s 2011 Constitution, inspired by the recommendations of the Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER), and examines the subsequent process of constitutionalization and legislative development of judicial reform, assessing the actual degree to which those recommendations have been incorporated into the Moroccan legal system. The paper was presented within Working Group 11, “Legislative Transformations, Civil Society, and Authoritarianism in the Post-Arab Spring Maghreb.”
José Luis Salido Medina, Projects Coordinator at the Euro-Arab Foundation, presented on Thursday, September 10 the paper “The Spanish Far Right: Analysis Through a Proposed Conceptual Framework,” part of Working Group 6, “The Far Right of the 21st Century: The Genesis of National Populism and the Rise of the Populist Radical Right.” The study proposes an original analytical framework for ideologically classifying the different actors of the Spanish far right, from its most extreme expressions to its radical ones, based on an examination of political platforms, audiovisual content, and parties’ official websites.
Javier Montilla, a researcher at the Euro-Arab Foundation, also presented on Thursday, September 10 the paper “Informational Interference in the Contemporary International System: State of the Art and Analytical Challenges,” in Working Group 4, “World Disorder: New Threats and the Proliferation of Disruptive Actors.” The paper offers a critical review of the strategic use of disinformation as a tool of foreign interference, drawing on analytical frameworks such as hybrid operations, influence operations, and the concept of foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI), with the aim of identifying conceptual gaps and proposing analytical challenges for its study from the field of International Relations.
